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What Is An Extinction Vortex

Written By Sunday, October 16, 2022 Add Comment Edit

End of viability for a population

Conservation status

past IUCN Cherry Listing category
Bufo periglenes, the Golden Toad, was last recorded on May 15, 1989
Extinct
  • Extinct (EX)
  • Extinct in the Wild (EW)
  • (list)
  • (listing)
Threatened
  • Critically Endangered (CR)
  • Endangered (EN)
  • Vulnerable (VU)
  • (list)
  • (list)
  • (list)
Lower Risk
  • Nearly Threatened (NT)
  • Conservation Dependent (CD)
  • Least Business organisation (LC)
  • (list)
  • (list)
Other categories
  • Data Deficient (DD)
  • Not Evaluated (NE)
  • (listing)
Related topics

  • International Marriage for
    Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

  • IUCN Red List
  • NatureServe status
  • Lists of organisms by population
IUCN Red List category abbreviations (version 3.1, 2001)
Comparison of Red list classes above
and NatureServe status below
NatureServe category abbreviations
  • five
  • t
  • e

Functional extinction is the extinction of a species or other taxon such that:

  1. It disappears from the fossil record, or celebrated reports of its beingness cease;[1]
  2. The reduced population no longer plays a significant office in ecosystem part;[2] [3] [4] or
  3. The population is no longer feasible. In that location are no individuals able to reproduce, or the small population of breeding individuals will not be able to sustain itself due to inbreeding depression and genetic drift, which leads to a loss of fitness.[v]

In plant populations, self-incompatibility mechanisms may cause related plant specimens to be incompatible, which may pb to functional extinction if an unabridged population becomes cocky-incompatible. This does not occur in larger populations.

In polygynous populations, where but a few males leave offspring, there is a much smaller reproducing population than if all viable males were considered. Furthermore, the successful males deed as a genetic bottleneck, leading to more rapid genetic migrate or inbreeding bug in small-scale populations.[6] [7]

Functionally extinct species in mod times [edit]

  • Baiji dolphin[viii] [9] [x] [eleven] [12]
  • Northern white rhinoceros[13] [fourteen] [xv]
  • Ivory-billed woodpecker[16] [17] [18] [19]
  • Christmas Island shrew[xx] [21] [22]
  • Yangtze giant softshell turtle[23] [24] [25] [26] [27]
  • S Red china Tiger[28] [29] [30] [31]
  • Bornean rhino[32]
  • Due north Atlantic right whale[33]
  • Vaquita
  • Kouprey
  • Northern Sumatran Rhino

On May 10, 2019, the Australian Koala Foundation issued a press release that opened with the sentence "The Australian Koala Foundation (AKF) believes Koalas may exist functionally extinct in the entire landscape of Commonwealth of australia."[34] The press release was reported on by multiple news agencies around the world, with most repeating the AKF's statement.[35] Despite this, koalas are not currently considered functionally extinct;[36] while their population has decreased, the IUCN Cherry List lists them only as "Vulnerable".[37] The AKF's press release was released on the eve of the 2019 elections in Australia, where topics such every bit climate change were major issues.[38]

Singled-out animal populations can besides become functionally extinct. In 2011, a 3-year survey of the wildlife population in the Bénoué Ecosystem of North Cameroon (the Bénoué, Bouba-Ndjidda, and Faro national parks, and 28 hunting zones surrounding the parks), concluded that the North Cameroon population of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) were now functionally extinct.[39] [40] Non-Northern Cameroonian cheetahs are listed as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN Cherry-red List. [41]

Meet besides [edit]

  • Conservation genetics
  • Mutational meltdown
  • Small-scale population size
  • Extinction vortex
  • Extinction debt

References [edit]

  1. ^ Extinctions in Almost Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences 1999. Edited by R.D.E. MacPhee, Hans-Dieter Sues. page 202.
  2. ^ "What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services?". Scientific Facts on Biodiversity. Archived from the original on 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-12-xvi .
  3. ^ Säterberg, Torbjörn; Sellman, Stefan; Ebenman, Bo (2013-07-25). "High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks". Nature. 499 (7459): 468–470. Bibcode:2013Natur.499..468S. doi:10.1038/nature12277. PMID 23831648.
  4. ^ Yoshida, Kate Shaw (2013-07-12). "Not yet gone, but effectively extinct". arstechnica . Retrieved 2019-05-xix . But in that location is another type, called "functional extinction," which takes a more ecological approach. Some scientists argue that the threshold for extinction should non be the complete disappearance of a species, but instead the signal at which there aren't plenty individuals left in that species to perform whatever roles it was playing in the ecosystem.
  5. ^ Novak, Ben Jacob (2018-xi-13). "De-Extinction". Genes. 9 (xi). 548. doi:10.3390/genes9110548. PMC6265789. PMID 30428542.
  6. ^ Pérez-González, Javier; Costa, Vânia; Santos, Pedro; Slate, Jon; Carranza, Juan; Fernández-Llario, Pedro; Zsolnai, Attila; Monteiro, Nuno G.; Anton, István; Buzgó, József; Varga, Gyula; Beja-Pereira, Albano (2014-12-26). "Males and Females Contribute Unequally to Offspring Genetic Diversity in the Polygynandrous Mating Organisation of Wild Boar". PLOS Ane. 9 (12). e115394. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5394P. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0115394. PMC4277350. PMID 25541986.
  7. ^ Pérez-González, J; Mateos, C; Carranza, J (2009-04-01). "Polygyny can increase rather than decrease genetic diverseness contributed by males relative to females: evidence from red deer". Molecular Ecology. eighteen (8): 1591–1600. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04150.x. PMID 19302345. S2CID 24049683.
  8. ^ Caryl-Sue, National Geographic Society, ed. (2013-12-17). "Dec 12, 2006 CE: Chinese River Dolphin Declared Extinct". NationalGeographic.org. Mary Crooks, National Geographic Club. Retrieved 2019-05-18 . On December 12, 2006, biologists declared the baiji (Chinese river dolphin) "functionally extinct." [...] [T]hither take been no confirmed baiji sightings in recent years.
  9. ^ "Yangtze Finless Porpoise". World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2019-05-18 . The Yangtze River, the longest river in Asia, used to be one of the only 2 rivers in the world that was abode to two different species of dolphin—the Yangtze finless porpoise and the Baiji dolphin. However, in 2006 the Baiji dolphin was declared functionally extinct. This was the first time in history that an entire species of dolphin had been wiped off the planet considering of homo activity.
  10. ^ Phillips, Tom (2016-x-ten). "China's 'extinct' dolphin may have returned to Yangtze river, say conservationists". The Guardian. Beijing, China. Retrieved 2019-05-18 . Chinese conservationists believe they may have caught a rare glimpse of a freshwater dolphin that was alleged functionally extinct a decade ago having graced the Yangtze river for 20 million years. Scientists and environmentalists had appeared to carelessness promise [...] after they failed to find a single beast during a fruitless 6-week hunt forth the vi,300-km (iii,915-mile) waterway in 2006. [...] [T]he unconfirmed sighting occurred during a seven-twenty-four hour period search mission down the Yangtze that began in the city of Anqing on 30 September [2016].
  11. ^ Xiang, Luan (2018-05-08). ZD (ed.). "Characteristic: Hope prevails for the baiji dolphin's comeback". Beijing, China: XiahuaNet. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-xviii . Before this week, the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation (CBCGDF) released a photograph of a baiji lookalike, captured last month in a section of the Yangtze near Wuhu in the eastern province of Anhu. [...] The institute said information technology would be imprudent to identify the beast in a photograph without further evidence. Nevertheless, it is besides presently to label the species "extinct."
  12. ^ Smith, B.D.; Wang, D.; Braulik, G.T.; Reeves, R.; Zhou, K.; Barlow, J.; Pitman, R.L. (2017). "Lipotes vexillifer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: east.T12119A50362206". IUCN Cherry-red Listing of Threatened Species. 2017. doi:x.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-three.RLTS.T12119A50362206.en.
  13. ^ "White Rhino". World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2019-05-18 . As of March 2018, at that place are simply ii rhinos of the northern white rhinoceros left, both of which are female.
  14. ^ "Northern white rhinoceros on the brink of extinction". Access Science. McGraw Hill. April 2018. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.BR0328011. Retrieved 2019-05-18 . The Northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)—one of two white rhino subspecies—is functionally extinct.
  15. ^ Emslie, R. (2011). "Ceratotherium simum ssp. cottoni. The IUCN Reddish List of Threatened Species". IUCN Cherry Listing of Threatened Species. 2011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.Britain.2011-2.RLTS.T4183A10575517.en.
  16. ^ Lammertink, Martjan (1995). "No more hope for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis" (PDF). Cotinga. 3: 45–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on January xix, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-xviii .
  17. ^ BirdLife International 2018 (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Campephilus principalis". IUCN Blood-red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi:x.2305/IUCN.United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.2016-three.RLTS.T22681425A125486020.en.
  18. ^ Butchart, Due south. H. M.; Stattersfield, A. J.; Brooks, T. M. (2006). "Going or gone: defining 'Mayhap Extinct' species to give a truer moving picture of recent extinctions" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 126A: 7–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2019-05-18 – via Academia.edu.
  19. ^ "Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis" (PDF). Multi-Species Recovery Program for Due south Florida. Birds (Ivory-billed woodpecker): 4–465 to 4–472. 2019-05-03 [1999]. Retrieved 2019-05-18 .
  20. ^ Schulz, Martin (2004). National Recovery Programme for the Christmas Island Shrew (Crocidura attenuata trichura). Australian Authorities, The Section of the Surround and Energy. ISBN0-642-55011-5. The Christmas Island Shrew was thought to exist extinct until the adventitious separate finding of two individuals in 1985... Data indicating the unconfirmed capture of two other shrews in 1958 when South Indicate (approx.: ten°33'Due south, 105°39'E) was beingness cleared for mining was provided past D. Powell (pers. comm. 1997 cited in Meek 1998).
  21. ^ Platt, John R. (2014-12-23). "Holiday Species Snapshot: Christmas Island Shrew". Scientific American. Retrieved 2019-05-18 . In that location'due south an official species recovery program in identify, though, just in case the shrews ever show up again. Sadly, that seems like information technology would require a Christmas miracle.
  22. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A.; Lumsden, 50. (2016). "Crocidura trichura. The IUCN Crimson List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T136379A22304640". IUCN Cherry Listing of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.U.k..2016-3.RLTS.T136379A22304640.en.
  23. ^ Platt, John R. (2016-01-26). "The Yangtze Giant Softshell Turtle Just Got 25 Percent Closer to Extinction". Scientific American. Retrieved 2019-05-eighteen . The massive turtle known as Cu Rua... passed away last calendar week. [...] Cu Rua was 1 of the last four Yangtze giant softshell turtles (Rafetus swinhoei) left in the world. Now only three remain: a turtle of unknown gender in another lake outside of Hanoi and a male-female pair in Mainland china.
  24. ^ Gibbens, Sarah (2017-05-23). "In that location Are Simply 3 of These Turtles Left on Earth". National Geographic . Retrieved 2019-05-xviii . In the waters of the Yunnan Province of China, a team of conservationists is hoping to discover a turtle with some very valuable sperm. [...] A male person and female are in captivity in the Suzhou Zoo in China, and i wild turtle lives in a Vietnamese lake called Dong Mo. [...] In February of [2016], a fourth turtle... died in captivity in Vietnam, reducing the globe population by a quarter.
  25. ^ Wang, Serenitie (2019-04-15). "One of world's nigh endangered turtles dies, leaving iii left". CNN. Beijing, Cathay. Retrieved 2019-05-18 . The last known female Yangtze giant softshell turtle has died in China, according to Chinese state media, potentially dooming the species to extinction. [...] Now, there are but three left in the world, according to the Suzhou Daily.
  26. ^ Smith, Nicola (2019-04-15). "Turtle species on brink of extinction every bit last-known female dies in China". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2019-05-18 . One of the world's rarest turtles, a Yangtze giant softshell, has died in a Chinese zoo, leaving only three of the critically endangered species left. The turtle was the last confirmed female in the world when she died during fertility handling, raising the grim prospect that the species, which is also known as the Scarlet River giant and is native to China and Vietnam, may now exist functionally extinct.
  27. ^ Asian Turtle Trade Working Grouping 2000. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Rafetus swinhoei". IUCN Ruby Listing of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.U.k..2000.RLTS.T39621A10252043.en.
  28. ^ "S China Tiger". Earth Wild fauna Fund . Retrieved 2019-05-18 . The South Communist china tiger population was estimated to number 4,000 individuals in the early 1950s. [...] Past 1996 the population was estimated to be just xxx-eighty individuals. Today the South China tiger is considered past scientists to be "functionally extinct," as it has not been sighted in the wild for more 25 years.
  29. ^ Chellel, Kit (2016-02-23). "The Due south China Tiger Is Functionally Extinct. This Banker Has 19 Of Them". Bloemfontein, Due south Africa: Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2019-05-18 . None are believed to remain in the wild; perhaps 100 be in captivity. Bray has nineteen of them on his 74,000 acres.
  30. ^ AFP (2016-04-06). "Tigers declared extinct in Kingdom of cambodia". The Guardian . Retrieved 2019-05-18 . The terminal tiger was seen on camera trap in the eastern Mondulkiri province in 2007, [the World Wildlife Fund] said. "Today, there are no longer any breeding populations of tigers left in Cambodia, and they are therefore considered functionally extinct," the conservation group said in a argument.
  31. ^ Nyhus, P. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. amoyensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: due east.T15965A5334628". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2008.RLTS.T15965A5334628.en.
  32. ^ Bittel, Jason (2019-05-27). "Concluding male person Sumatran rhinoceros in Malaysia dies". Animals. National Geographic. Retrieved 2019-05-28 .
  33. ^ "North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) 5-year review: Summary and Evaluation". Gloucester, MA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service. August 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012. The western North Atlantic population numbered at least 361 individuals in 2005 and at least 396 in 2010 (Waring et al. 2012).
  34. ^ Tabart, Deborah (2019-05-10). "Australian Koala Foundation calls on the new Prime Government minister to protect the Koala" (PDF). Salve The Koala. The Australian Koala Foundation. Retrieved 2019-05-20 . The Australian Koala Foundation (AKF) believes Koalas may be functionally extinct in the entire landscape of Commonwealth of australia.
  35. ^ Frishberg, Hannah (2019-05-16). "Koalas are now 'functionally extinct,' experts say". New York Mail service . Retrieved 2019-05-twenty .
  36. ^ Le Page, Michael (2019-05-19). "No, koalas are non 'functionally extinct', just they are in trouble". New Scientist . Retrieved 2019-05-20 .
  37. ^ Woinarski, J; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Phascolarctos cinereus. The IUCN Carmine List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T16892A21960344". IUCN Cherry-red List of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.Uk.2016-1.RLTS.T16892A21960344.en.
  38. ^ Adams-Hosking, Christine (2019-05-09). "A study claims koalas are 'functionally extinct' – simply what does that mean?". The Chat. The University of Queensland. Retrieved 2019-05-twenty .
  39. ^ De Iongh, Hans; Croes, Barbara; Rasmussen, Greg; Buij, Ralph; Funston, Paul (Autumn 2011). "The condition of chetah and African wild dog in the Bénoué Ecosystem, Due north Cameroon" (PDF). CATnews. 55: 29–31. Retrieved 2019-05-18 .
  40. ^ Biliuti, Smaranda (2010-07-26). "North Cameroon without African Wild Dogs or Cheetahs". Softpedia News . Retrieved 2019-05-18 .
  41. ^ Durant, Due south.; Mitchell, North.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015). "Acinonyx jubatus. The IUCN Reddish List of Threatened Species". IUCN Cerise Listing of Threatened Species. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en.

What Is An Extinction Vortex,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_extinction

Posted by: burkeruld1996.blogspot.com

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